Zheng Hes Treasure Ships of the Ming Dynasty

Between 1405 and 1433, Ming China under the rule of Zhu Di, sent out enormous armadas of ships into the Indian Ocean commanded by the eunuch admiral Zheng He. The flagship and other largest treasure junks dwarfed European ships of that century; even  Christopher Columbuss flagship, the Santa Maria, was between 1/4 and 1/5 the size of Zheng Hes. Drastically changing the face of Indian Ocean trade and power, these fleets embarked on seven epic voyages under Zheng Hes guidance, resulting in a rapid expansion of Ming Chinas control in the region, but also of their struggle to maintain it in years to come due to the financial burden of such endeavors. Sizes According to Ming Chinese Measurements All of the measurements in the remaining Ming Chinese records of the Treasure Fleet are in a unit called zhang, which is made up of ten chi or Chinese feet. Although the exact length of a zhang and chi has varied over time, the Ming chi was probably about 12.2 inches (31.1 centimeters) according to Edward Dreyer. For ease of comparison, the measurements below are given in English feet. One English foot is equivalent to 30.48 centimeters. Incredibly, the largest ships in the fleet (called baoshan, or treasure ships) were likely between 440 and 538 feet long by 210 feet wide. The 4-decked baoshan had an estimated displacement of 20-30,000 tons, roughly 1/3 to 1/2 the displacement of modern American aircraft carriers. Each had nine masts on its deck, rigged with square sails that could be adjusted in series to maximize efficiency in different wind conditions. The Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of an amazing 62 or 63 such ships for Zheng Hes first voyage, in 1405. Extant records show that another 48 were ordered in 1408, plus 41 more in 1419, along with 185 smaller ships throughout that time. Zheng Hes Smaller Ships Along with dozens of baoshan, each armada included hundreds of smaller ships. The eight-masted ships, called machuan or horse ships, were about 2/3 the size of the baoshan  measuring approximately 340 feet by 138 feet. As indicated by the name, the machuan carried horses along with timber for repairs and tribute goods. Seven-masted liangchuan or grain ships carried rice and other food for the crew and soldiers in the fleet. Liangchuan was about 257 feet by 115 feet in size. The next ships in descending order of size were the zuochuan, or troopships, at 220 by 84 feet with each transport ship having six masts. Finally, the small, five-masted warships or zhanchuan, each about 165 feet long, were designed to be maneuverable in battle. Though tiny compared with the baochuan, the zhanchuan were more than twice as long as Christopher Columbuss flagship, the Santa Maria. The Treasure Fleets Crew Why did Zheng He need so many huge ships? One reason, of course, was shock and awe. The sight of these enormous ships appearing on the horizon one by one must have been truly incredible for the people all along the Indian Oceans rim and would have enhanced Ming Chinas prestige immeasurably. The other reason was that Zheng He traveled with an estimated 27,000 to 28,000 sailors, marines, translators and other crew members. Along with their horses, rice, drinking water, and trade goods, that number of people required a staggering amount of room aboard the ship. In addition, they had to make space for the emissaries, tribute goods and wild animals that went back to China.

Essay on Iranian Revolution - 1496 Words

Evaluate the role of Islamic fundamentalism in the 1979 Iranian revolution (1200) Various factors influenced the 1979 Iranian revolution, but at the core of this significant event was Islamic fundamentalism. The Iranian religious leader, Ayatollah Khomeini, led this movement to end the thirty-seven-year reign of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, also known as the Shah of Iran (Diller 1991, p.152). The revolution was a combination of mounting social, economic, political and religious strains. The nation of Iran was never colonized, unlike some of its bordering countries, making its people intolerant of external influences. The Shah had gradually westernized and secularized his country, creating a strong American presence that was being felt†¦show more content†¦This continued to exacerbate the gap between the social classes of Iran. The main reason for the Shah’s confidence in bringing his people prosperity was the mass amount of revenue Iran was generating from Oil. The nationalization of Iran’s oil in the fifties meant increased profits for the nation. Iran’s economy was growing exponentially; its GDP was five times higher in 1976 than it was in 1960 (Clawson, p.15). Islamic modernists, such as Marxist Mujaheddin-e-Khalq, opposed the Shah’s capitalist economic policies (Diller 1991, p.152). There were several other groups that were not pleased with the Shah’s growing focus on economic growth, including the ulemas (councils composed of local Mullahs or respected religious leaders) (Sanders 1990, p.66). These ulemas possessed considerable local influence, as they were in charge of the educational systems and had influence over the urban poor and bazaar merchants (Diller 1991, p.152). In the midst of all that was going on in Iran, Khomeini lived in exile in Paris. The Ayatollah however, was well informed, and managed to sneak tapes into the country to his supporters and the local ulemas. These tapes spread the word of Islamic fundamentalism to these groups that opposed that Shah, and gave them a binding p ower that eventually would be the revolution of February 1979. Not long, Khomeini hadShow MoreRelatedThe Iranian Revolution 732 Words   |  3 Pagesdetermine whether a revolution is successful or not. This is not the case for Iran. Since the revolution, Iran has been economically, politically, and socially unstable. With an economy dependent on oil, a natural source whose production is unpredictable, stability is simply unattainable. With the same leader for a long period of time, not much can change politically. Oppositions and revolts can happen and disrupt the social lives of Iranian citizens. Although the Iranian Revolution was politically successfulRead MoreIranian Revolution1648 Words   |  7 Pagesbreeding ground for some kind of political upheaval or another. In recent times, back in 1979, there was a major revolution which was, in some ways, similar to the revolution we are seeing today. The people were angry and they were tired of being controlled by the government th at was in power. They had concrete ideals and were incredibly passionate about their revolution. The revolution Iran is experiencing today does not appear to be quite as passionate and does not appear to maintain a belief inRead MoreThe Iranian Revolution3901 Words   |  16 PagesThe Iranian Revolution Iran is a country located in the Middle East. The main source of income for the country is oil, the one object that had greatly influenced its history. Iran s present government is run as an Islamic Republic. A president, cabinet, judicial branch, and Majilesor or legislative branch, makes up the governmental positions. A revolution that overthrew the monarch, which was set in 1930, lasted over 15 years. Crane Brinton s book, An Anatomy of a RevolutionRead MoreThe Revolution And The Iranian Revolution2172 Words   |  9 Pages The 1979 Iranian Revolution was a major landmark in Iranian history. â€Å"Iran s revolution began with a popular democracy movement and ended with the establishment of the world s first Islamic state.† (In pictures: The Iranian Revolution) There are various parties that have different viewpoints and opinions of the revolution. Those who were pro-Islam during the revolution believe that the revolution was an event that brought structure and order to Iran. However, those who were against the countryRead MoreIslamic Revolution And The Iranian Revolution1433 Words   |  6 PagesIslamic Revolution Islamic Revolution, better known as the Iranian Revolution of 1979 holds immense importance in the history of Iran. It was a revolution that shook the world and lead to rearrangements of the global alliances. The Iranian Revolution saw the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty governed under the Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, who was supported by the United States of America – showing his inclination towards modernization and secularizing the country. The revolution was led by AyatollahRead MoreIran And The Iranian Revolution1227 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscontent that the Iranian citizens felt for their government and their economic situation was a contributing factor in the outbreak of the 1979 Iranian Revolution, it was the growing Western influence in Islamic culture that was the main cause for the revolution. The Iranian/Islamic Revolution refers to the events involving the deposing of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi and pro-American government, and the replacement with an anti-Western authoritarian theocracy under the leader of the revolution, the GrandRead MoreThe Islamic Revolution And The Iranian Revolution Essay1379 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the Islamic Revolution in the Iranian country, education was essential to the people. Shah wanted the Western education because he believed that it was best for the Iranian people. Most of the women’s were involved in the demonstration of wearing the veil has some western education. The Islamic revolution wanted things to go back to the original Islamic culture. Based on the Complete Persepolis, in 1979, a revolution took place and later called â€Å"The Islamic Revolution†. This is the periodRead MoreThe Iranian Revolution And The Islamic Revolution Essay1330 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the Islamic Revolution in the Iran, education was essential to the people. Sha wanted the Western education because he believed that it was best for Iranian people. Most of the women were involved in the demonstration o f wearing the veil has some western education. The Islamic revolution wanted things to go back on the Islamic culture. Based on the complete Persepolis, in 1979, a revolution took place, and later called â€Å"The Islamic Revolution†. This is the period they were forcing people toRead MoreThe Iranian Revolution Of 1979 Essay1812 Words   |  8 PagesThe Iranian Revolution, also known as the Islamic Revolution of 1979 took place in Iran. It is when Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi the emperor of Iran during that time, was overthrown by the revolutionary forces led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and thereafter established the Islamic National Republic of Iran. The Iranian Revolution brought a big change into the international community and how it viewed revolutions. As Iran’s revolution lacked many of the fundamental causes that were though to giveRead MoreThe Iranian Revolution And The Revolutionary Revolution1313 Words   |  6 PagesThe Iranian Revolution was its climax i n 1979 with the Revolutionary goal being met by its supports. Supporters of the revolution stood mixed in their goals for a new Iran. The Islamic Extremist lead by Ayatollah Khomeini wanted to install an Islamic regime inside of Iran that would follow Islamic law. Religious clerics viewed the Shah as not being a positive leader of Iran and wanted him overthrown and the country left as is. Iranians such as the middle class and students wanted to install an Islamic

Health Care System in Germany - 2387 Words

Healthcare finance assignment Introduction The German health care system [pic] The German health care system has the reputation of being one of the best in the world. There is an extensive network of hospitals and doctors covering even the remotest areas of Germany. Waiting lists for treatments are rare. Medical facilities are equipped with the latest technology and the statutory health insurance scheme provides nearly full cover for most medical treatments and medicines. Almost everybody in Germany has access to this system, irrespective of income or social status. The downside is that medical costs are high. Health care costs - for doctors, hospital stays and even medicines - are among the most expensive in the world. There is no such†¦show more content†¦When is state health insurance mandatory? As of 2007, state health insurance was compulsory for the following groups: †¢ Employees whose regular income before deductions does exceeds â‚ ¬400 per month and remains below a set annual limit. In 2006, the general annual gross income limit for mandatory state insurance was â‚ ¬47.250. †¢ Students at state and state-approved universities. †¢ People on work experience (internships) or in secondary education †¢ Old-age pensioners who have been in a statutory health insurance scheme or insured as a family member for most of the latter half of their working life. †¢ Unemployed people receiving benefits from Federal Employment Services (with some exceptions) You can within a period of three months join a state health insurance scheme voluntarily if you: †¢ Have been a compulsory member, your membership is terminated and you have certain qualifying insurance periods †¢ Are an employee and your income in your first job exceeds the limit, as long as you apply for membership within three months of starting work †¢ Are severely disabled (subject to certain other requirements) †¢ Have been insured through a family member for a specific minimum period and this insurance has expired Students from countries with which Germany has concluded a social security agreement which includes an insurance clause can continue to be covered by their homeShow MoreRelatedEssay On Germany Health Care System1369 Words   |  6 PagesUS health care system and Germany health care system. After watching the PBS special video, it interested me that Germany can provide coverage for all while maintaining its infrastructure and financial stability and has continued to do so for so many years. Germany, has one of the most comprehensive benefit packages and the highest levels of supply quality through resources and benefits provided, the relatively high level of efficiency with comparable costs, ranks Germany’s health care system asRead MoreEssay On Germany Health Care Delivery System826 Words   |  4 Pagesexamines and compares aspects of health systems around the world. It also provides conceptual insights into the complex factors that explain how health systems perform, and offers practical advice on how to assess performance and achieve improvements with available resources. What is most surprising about the ranking is the economic components that assist in these two rankings. The United States has a gross domestic product of 18.57 trillion while in contrast, Germany has a one of 34.66.76 billion USRead MoreThe Health Care System Between Germany And The United States953 Words   |  4 PagesI compared the health care system between Germany and the United State s because my first daughter was born in Germany. Germany’s health insurance has much more advantages because there are no differences in the insurance. Every expecting mother has the same coverage and check up at the start of the pregnancy. To illustrate the issue being presented, I am going to list all resources available and the differences when having a baby between Germany and the United States. In Germany, when a women takesRead MoreThe Strength and Weaknesses of Health Care Systems in Germany and the United States.739 Words   |  3 PagesWhat makes a health care system good? There is no such thing as a perfect system, but already some countries are pretty close. In this essay I will be writing about two of the leadings countries in health care, Germany and the United States . Given the complicated nature of the systems, I will narrow it down to the strength and weaknesses of both countries. In 1883, the first health care plan for Germany was created. The government was so impressed that it used this asRead MoreComparing The United States Health Care System With The Federal Republic Of Germany2322 Words   |  10 PagesUNITED STATES HEALTH CARE SYSTEM WITH THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY During the past few decades in the United States, health care cost has been skyrocketing, and many people have lost their insurance as result of the high cost. Approximately 45 million American s are uninsured or they don’t have a real health care plan that can cover all their needs. Some Americans have the perception that even with coverage, cost and other problems in the system, the quality of the Healthcare System in the US isRead MoreWhy I Should Be A Private Healthcare System1056 Words   |  5 Pagesmany years Germany has had one of the best in healthcare System in Europe. Its reputation is also one of the best among the world. There is an extensive network of Hospitals and doctors covering even the most remote area of Germany. It is very rear to find any type of wetting list for any type of treatment. Medical facilities are equipped with the latest technology and medicine research and development team of scientist. Currently, in Germany there is a great healthcare insu rance system that coverRead MoreThe German Health Care System949 Words   |  4 PagesOverview The German health care system is one of the best health system in the world. This evolved system distinguished in many perspectives. Those are the aspects of German health system that will be covered in this report: the structure and characteristics of the German health care system, comparison with the Australian health system, evaluation for the organization and administration of the health system, and policy development in Germany. Structure In the term of health care system structure, thereRead MoreGermanys Universal Insurance Structure1285 Words   |  6 PagesGermany’s universal insurance structure is modeled after a welfare system where everyone pays into the system. Coverage includes dental care, drugs, cash for glasses, and grants for young moms. Germans pay into the system just like most countries and whenever someone becomes ill or has an accident, they receive money. While Germany offers compulsory insurance to its citizens, people are free to buy their insurance from private â€Å"sickness finds†. These sickness funds are nonprofit and cannot deny anyRead MoreUnited States Healthcare System Versus Germany Healthcare Essay1526 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States’ health care system in comparison to the Germany health system seems to be fairly similar in many ways; however there are some major differences. One seems to be divided into public and private sectors and funded mostly by the p ublic; Germanys, is considered better at times which tends to run differently. In the two healthcare systems, both systems are taking the time to spend quite a bit of the governmental revenue on health but still have two of the lower life expectancies.Read MoreThe Health Care Industry Among The United States1318 Words   |  6 Pages Universities stemmed some of the biggest medical advances in the health care industry amongst the world. The educational platform for the United States spells long term success for health care, by growing the next generation of top health care providers. In comparison Germany and Canada also are represented amongst the top 50 medical schools in the world, but lack any representation of the top 10 prestige rankings. On top of that, both other countries lack volume and opportunity to receive a

The Civil War Of The United States - 1456 Words

When it comes to nature the strong survives and the week get kicked out of the circle. When it comes to humans they survive by hard work and pushing through the hard times. The Civil War the united states were devastated and people started looking for ways to start over. Americans weren’t the only ones looking for a new start either. Immigrants from China, Ireland, and Germany flooded to the united states looking for jobs and gave way to Darwinist using this to better their profit. By doing that it took away jobs from thousands of Americans. When the gilded age came to play people took control and in these times they used the poor as a way of making a profit. Weather it’s the economy, religion or society itself Darwinism ruled the minds†¦show more content†¦This was also equated with â€Å"fitness† and if you were not â€Å"fit† you didn’t fit in, and had no place in society itself. With companies taking control of the economy such as steel mills and oil refineries the concept of â€Å"survival of the fittest† quickly become a very popular mindset and way of living for some. The Darwinist believed that the lower class should get no help and would argue that the government should stay out of economic affairs all together. This idea set the line between higher and lower classes and many would argue against this idea. (Roberts) New York Times wrote several articles on this matter from both sides. One article over Prof. Romans would argue on the religious side of this topic about how the idea of Darwinism has no correlation with evolution once so ever. (Prof.Roman) The Gilded Age was times of hardship for the lower class but allowed businessmen to become glorified rulers of the economy such as Rockefeller and Carnegie who were making millions to tens of millions of dollars a year were the average businessman was only making $500 a year. In this day and age men lived by this and it eventually became the way of lif e for millions and is how the king of the economy came to rule in the Gilded Age. (L, P and Patricia) With all the rebuilding going on after the Civil War and the economy and businesses being so affected it was hard for anyone to get jobs and people were thrown into a major depression. At the same time

Risk and Crisis Communication Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Risk Crisis Communication. Answer: Introduction A company in crisis will be receiving the best service when it will do the development of a strategy related with crisis communication for communicating to the public as well as the decision makers. Primarily, there is the requirement for understanding the crisis nature. In this context, it can be stated that every crisis is having certain common traits stating that, they are potentially damaging, they might be creating an improper or distorted insights, and the situations regarding crisis are mostly disorderly in respect of the organization. Crisis situation affecting the New Horizon healthcare centre There might occur a crisis situation at the New Horizon healthcare centre due to ineffective communication between the healthcare staffs of New Horizon as well as the patients. It can be stated that communication is essential to provide top quality patient care. Any breakdowns regarding communication will be leading towards major crisis situations, which might be resulting in complications or deaths amongst the patients. According to a report, it was found out that more than a quarter of malpractice cases that involved surgery as well as almost 32% of all cases of nursing, occurred due to the absence of detailed communication process. Communication problems might occur due to various issues, which could take place either between the health care providers or between the healthcare providers and the patients. The communication problem that might occur between the health care providers is having the involvement of miscommunication regarding the conditions of the patients, poor documentation as well as failure towards reading the medical record of the patients (Sellnow, 2013). The communication problem that might occur between the healthcare providers and the patients is having the involvement of insufficient informed consent, unsympathetic reply to the complaints of a patient, insufficient knowledge relating to medications, incomplete instructions relating to follow-up, wrong information being provided to the patients or miscommunication because of barrier in languages. The causes of breakdowns in communication at the New Horizon health care facility might occur due to workload pressures, problems with the health care facilities electronic health record system, as well as the workplace culture. There are also various indicators that the New Horizon health care facility is having ineffective communication. Incomplete or misrepresented record of patients as well as breakdowns regarding communication might be having a major outcome in respect of the health care providers as well as the patients (Ulmer, 2013). For instance, key information that doesnt get communicated might be having a catastrophic outcome. In this regard, it can be stared that there are certain side effects of ineffective communication at New Horizon health care facility. These are considered as medical errors, long wait times, conflicts at workplace, poor decision-making as well as increased stress. In respect of medical errors, it can be stated that there are various reasons as to why there might occur medical errors at New Horizon health care facility. Although, most of the health care facilities are having a process to prevent error from occurring, weak communication is considered being the main reason as to why there is the occurrence of medical errors when there is a system in place. The medical office staffs, physicians as well as nurses are required understanding the significance of documentation that is considered being the most effective way for communicating the patient events (Palenchar, 2013). For the prevention of the medical errors, documentation that include symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, care, medication, challenges, health risks as well as information regarding safety might be considered to be productive. Although, it is not possible to do the avoidance of every error, but with the accurate documentation of information, healthcare providers are having the abili ty for identifying as well as rectifying their mistakes prior to the occurrence of an undesirable medical event (Wendling, 2013). In respect of long wait times, it can be stated that this aspect often worsens due to communication breakdown. For instance, patients are not informed of how long they have to wait or what is the reason for the delay to occur. It is recommended that the patients should not be waiting more than fifteen minutes in respect of their scheduled appointments. Therefore, communication between the patients, employees as well as physicians might do the prevention of conflicts in respect of scheduling or overbooking that is considered being the major cause in respect of long wait times (Mehta, 2016). In respect of workplace conflict at New Horizon health care facility, it can be stated that disagreements as well as differences of viewpoints might get escalated to major workplace conflict. Most of the times, this will take place when there occurs avoidance of communication, which as a result make the situation much worse. With the help of communication, misunderstandings can get averted and there might occur the resolving of the problems. In short, it can be stated that workplace conflict is considered being a sign of a dwindling practice (Heath, 2016). In respect of poor decision-making, it can be stated that at times, poor decision-making is an outcome of not having all the details required for making a sound as well as practical decision. The process of making decisions is having the requirement for a clear vision in respect of the mission of the organization, and also the goals as well as values in respect of making an accurate identification of the problem, concern or need for betterment, probable solutions, strengths and weaknesses as well as alternatives and results (Kelly, 2014). Managers at the healthcare facility can rarely do the identification of this information all by themselves. They are relying upon communication from the overall healthcare staffs at the health care facility in respect of making productive decisions. To encourage the staffs for speaking in respect of issues by offering feedback in a positive as well as efficient manner can assist in making decisions that will be resulting in improving the health care facility (Hagen, 2014). In respect of increased stress, it can be stated that lack of communication will be increasing stress because of needless worry and concern regarding issues related to the workplace, which might be either real or perceived. In short, weak coordination, unknown anticipations as well as absence of direction are needless reasons in respect of stress (Lundgren, 2013). Ways of handling the crisis at New Horizon health care facility For handling the crisis at New Horizon health care facility, certain ways can be implemented that are mentioned below, To have a crisis management plan A crisis management plan is considered being a tool of reference. This is considered being a step-by-step guide to identify in what ways the crisis can be managed. Crisis management plan assists in saving time when a crisis occurs by pre-assigning certain tasks, pre-collecting certain information, as well as serving as a source of reference. Pre-assigning tasks are having the presumption that there will be an assigned crisis team. The members of the team are required having the knowledge about the tasks as well as accountabilities they should be having at the time of a crisis (Drennan, 2014). To have a crisis management team There should be a crisis management team that will be comprising of officials from public relations, legal, security, operations, finance as well as human resources. Along with these officials, there should also be the inclusion of the social media manager, since social media might get used for delivering crisis messages. On the other hand, the composition of the crisis team will be varying, depending upon the characteristics of the crisis as because, each crisis is considered being exceptional, making demands that decisions should be made by the crisis team (Coombs, 2014). To have a spokesperson A major element related with crisis team training is training of the spokesperson. The members of the organization at the New Horizon healthcare facility should be having the preparation for talking with the news media, in case there occurs any major crisis. For instance, there should be given proper media training before a crisis situation occurs. In this respect, the public relations department will be playing a major role to prepare spokespersons to handle questions from the news media as because, the elements of media relations relating to public relations is considered being the skills that are highly valued regarding crisis management. To pre-draft messages Last but not the least, there should occur the pre-drafting of messages that will be getting used at the time of crisis. More precisely, the organizational managers who are handling crisis at the New Horizon health care facility are required creating templates in respect of crisis messages. These templates will be including statements by the senior management, news releases, as well as social media messages. The PR team can assist in drafting these messages. The main purpose that is served by the pre-drafting messages is to save time (Austin, 2017). Conclusion In conclusion, it can be stated that the best way to handle a crisis communication situation is having a plan to manage the situation relating to the crisis. There should be also be a crisis management team that will be comprising of officials from public relations, legal, security, operations, finance as well as human resources. In this regard, there is the requirement for having a spokesperson and finally, there should occur the pre-drafting of messages that will be getting used when crisis will be taking place. References Austin, L., Fraustino, J. D., Jin, Y., Liu, B. F. (2017). CRISIS COMMUNICATION IN A CHANGING MEDIA ENVIRONMENT.Social Media and Crisis Communication, 423. Coombs, W. T. (2014).Ongoing crisis communication: Planning, managing, and responding. Sage Publications. Drennan, L. T., McConnell, A., Stark, A. (2014).Risk and crisis management in the public sector. Routledge. Hagen, C. S. (2014). Timothy L. Sellnow and Matthew W. Seeger, Theorizing Crisis Communication.International Journal of Communication,8, 5. Heath, R. L., Palenchar, M. J. (2016). Paradigms of risk and crisis communication in the 21st century.The handbook of international crisis communication research. Wiley-Blackwell. Kelly, W. (2014). Social Media: An Effective Tool for Risk and Crisis Communication?. Lundgren, R. E., McMakin, A. H. (2013).Risk communication: A handbook for communicating environmental, safety, and health risks. John Wiley Sons. Mehta, A., Jensen, B., Larkin, I., Xavier, R. (2016). Risk and Crisis Communication During Health Disasters.Disaster Health Management: A Primer for Students and Practitioners, 92. Palenchar, M. J., Freberg, K. (2013). Conceptualising social media and mobile technologies in risk and crisis communication practices.Mobile Media Practices, Presence and Politics. Routledge. Sellnow, T. L., Seeger, M. W. (2013).Theorizing crisis communication(Vol. 4). John Wiley Sons. Ulmer, R. R., Sellnow, T. L., Seeger, M. W. (2013).Effective crisis communication: Moving from crisis to opportunity. Sage Publications. Wendling, C., Radisch, J., Jacobzone, S. (2013). The use of social media in risk and crisis communication.

Leading and Managing Implications and Research

Question: Discuss about the Leading and Managing Implications and Research. Answer: Introduction: Leaders are important for an organization to maximize efficiency, and the attainment of the organizational goals. However, a leader is so much more than this. As opined by Tiftik et al. (2015) a leader who is responsible for creating future by obtaining the consensus of his followers. Hence, it is important for a leader to win the followers, understand them and create a motivational relationship with them. However, it is not always possible to find a credible and effective leader. Hence, in the following discussion I want to suggest a leadership model that I think will be helpful in modern organizational context. I work in an organization that is relatively small in operation. It is facing the issue, that almost every small organization faces, an autocratic leadership. As discussed by Baker (2013) this leadership model sets rules, procedures and organizational goals and controls all actions without any participation by the employees. Hence, by referring to the power, leadership theories and teamwork, my leadership model will promote participation, defined power structure and motivation among the employees. Discussion: I have worked in an environment, where the employees do not have any power to participate in the decision-making. Moreover, as the organization is small, the leader does not have a set rule or protocol for the execution of any job. We have to depend on the discretion of the leader. Hence, the organizing idea of my leadership model will be the traits and relationship of the leader. My experience has led me to opt for having well-defined relationship among the employees depending on the delegation of power. Moreover, traits will have a significant position in my model, as I believe that a leader needs to have certain qualities, which will make him different from the others. The important traits of a leader: As opined by Blomme et al. (2015) the main role of a leaders is not to make followers but to encourage and motivate the team members to be the leaders of the future. I live that a leader needs to be a man of his words. He will be able to set a benchmark for the followers regarding his ethical and moral values. Moreover, a leader needs to know that delegating the responsibilities and power will make the organization better to maintain. As mentioned by och Dag and Storberg-Walker (2014) a power structure needs to be supported by the followers. Here, he needs to believe in the democratic relationship pattern within the team members. According to my opinion, a successful leader must set some defined rules within the team by obtaining the opinion and consensus of the team members. It provides a role clarity and satisfaction within the team. The core values: As opined by Trimble and Chin (2015) the core values are the philosophies that are the moral beliefs of the leaders. The followings can b identified as the core values of my proposed leadership model. Promoting participation and democratic environment: As mentioned by Tiftik et al. (2015) it is important for the leaders to encourage the team members in taking part in the decision making process. While crating rule or setting a goal obtaining the employees consensus ensures better commitment and dedication from the employees end. My leadership model will ask for employees opinion for setting up of a strategy and organizational goal. By obtaining this method, the leader will be able to promote innovation within the organization. Setting protocols and norms: As opined by Trimble and Chin (2015) by following the workplace protocols, the transactional leadership style creates a settled environment within the organization. It helps the employees to avoid role confusion and duplication of work. Moreover, my leadership model will set the protocols to make the employees identify the authorities whom they are accountable to. As opined by Baker (2013) the transactional leadership has a little room for misinterpretation and ambiguity. My leadership model focuses on the protocol and power structure to obtain this particular advantage. Motivation and innovation: As mentioned by Baker (2013) the recent trend of transformational leadership promotes motivating people by laying emphasis on values, ideals, morals and needs of the employees. My leadership model will follow this particular strategy of motivating people by values. As mentioned by Baker (2013) providing rewraps may collect motivation, but it is not long lasting. Hence, my proposed model will focus on creating motivation by utilizing values. Benefit in the relationship pattern: In my organization, I find a confusion regarding the power structure among the employees. Moreover, as discussed by Tiftik et al. (2015) the autocratic leadership model creates a sense of dissatisfaction within the team members. This dissatisfaction and the role confusion are typically harming the co-operative and coordinating relationship among the employees. On the other hand, my model of leadership will encourage the employees to take active participation in the decision making process. It creates a sense of responsibility among the team members, and they will work in a coordinating manner to obtain a shared goal. Moreover, the value-based motivation will direct them to be committed to the team values and it will promote the positive team morale among the employees. In addition to this, by obtaining and supporting clear power structure, my leadership model will be able to eliminate all the possible role clashes and a supportive relationship model will be promoted. The culture that my leadership model will promote: As my leadership model will be a pragmatic mixture of the transformational and transactional leadership, it will promote a democratic and motivational culture within the organization. By promoting participation, the leader will opt for creating an open communication channel within the organization. Both the formal and informal communication channel will be opened for the employees. Moreover, by motivating the employees to participate in the decision making process, a culture of promoting future leaders can be upheld. Last but not the last, the power delegation and clear hierarchical structure will create a culture of clarified job responsibility and accountability among the employees. Goals: In my workplace, the autocratic leadership model does not fundamentally believe in the delegation of power. Hence, the company has a confusing power structure and role conflict. My leadership model will strive for obtaining right delegation of power and useful execution of it. Moreover, my leadership model will encourage the employees to open up and take active participation in the decision making process. This will create a sense of value among the employees and they will start to engage themselves in the organizational process. Hence, the goal of my leadership model will be ensuring employee engagement and employee satisfaction. As opined by Trimble and Chin (2015) with increased satisfaction a company can decrease the number of employee turnover which is typically associated to the autocratic leadership model. Hence, my proposed model will also try to reduce the employee turnover rate. What makes my model different from the existing one: The existing leadership model that my organization is following is the autocratic leadership pattern. As discussed by Baker (2013) this particular leadership model does not give any importance to the active participation of the employees in the decision making process. It has a sheer disrespect for the employee opinion. On the other hand, my proposed model will respect the opinion and decision of the employees. As the employees are the unit of success, the regulations will be made after getting consensus from their end. In addition, my workplace does not have clarity in the power delegation. Here, I suggest focusing on developing and following norms and protocols to eliminate the issues with role confusion and power clashes. As opined by Tiftik et al. (2015) the following of protocols provides swiftness in execution of pre-set strategies. Hence, it will be helpful for an organization, which is not operating, in large scale. Moreover, with an autocratic leadership model, motivation is a big issue. My organization believes in providing rewards for obtaining employee motivation. However, as mentioned by Trimble and Chin (2015) it is an unsustainable way of acquiring the employee motivation. Hence, my proposed model will use value-based strategy of employee motivation. Thus, my model of leadership will be a combination will promote power structure along with participation and visionary leadership. Application of my leadership model: When in a position of applying my leadership model, I will follow a strategy of introducing myself as a leader who is seeking suggestions from the employees for setting up of certain rules or strategies or the organizational goal. I will talk to the employees are clarify them why their opinion is important to the organization. I will encourage them to provide innovative ideas and goals those they want to achieve. I will never shift my vision onto them but encourage them to set their own periodical vision. By obtaining the strategy of clear power structure, I will help my employees to identify the immediate reporting personnel and the responsible authority for the task. It will help them to eliminate role confusion and obtain job clarity. Moreover, trusting the employees with different job roles and delegating them to the competent employees will increase my credibility as a leader. Last but not the least, I will support the emotional and psychological needs of my employees, it will h elp me to obtain employee motivation, engagement, and satisfaction. Conclusion: In conclusion, it can b said that the leaders are crucial for the organizational success. With various traits and skills, he can motivate and encourage his employees and followers to obtain the organizational goals. My leadership model will eliminate the limitations of the autocratic leadership and encourage participation, visionary leadership and power delegation. My leadership model will clear up power clashes and encourage the employees to b innovative in the working process to an acceptable extant. References: Baker, J.P., 2013. Leadership Theories and Approaches.Leadership in Psychiatry, pp.49-62. Blomme, R.J., Kodden, B. and Beasley-Suffolk, A., 2015. Leadership theories and the concept of work engagement: Creating a conceptual framework for management implications and research.Journal of Management Organization,21(02), pp.125-144. och Dag, K.N. and Storberg-Walker, J., 2014. Understanding Authentic Leadership Theory From a HRD Perspective: Steps Toward Developing Authentic Leadership Development Programs. Tiftik, H., KÄÂ ±lÄÂ ±, Ã…Å ¾. and Saglam, M., 2015. Leadership Theories and Comparison of Them.Journal of Research in Business, Economics and Management,4(2), pp.312-322. Trimble, J.E. and Chin, J.L., 2015. Diversity and Leadership.